Temporal interference stimulation targets deep brain regions by modulating neural oscillations

BackgroundTemporal interference (TI) stimulation of the brain generates amplitude-modulated electric fields oscillating in the kHz range with the goal of non-invasive targeted deep brain stimulation. Yet, the current intensities required in human (sensitivity) to modulate deep brain activity and if superficial brain region are spared (selectivity) at these intensities remains unclear.ObjectiveWe developed an experimentally constrained theory for TI sensitivity to kHz electric field given the attenuation by membrane low-pass filtering property, and for TI selectivity to deep structures given the distribution of modulated and unmodulated electric fields in brain.MethodsThe electric field threshold to modulate carbachol-induced gamma oscillations in rat hippocampal slices was determined for unmodulated 0.05–2 kHz sine waveforms, and 5 Hz amplitude-modulated waveforms with 0.1–2 kHz carrier frequencies. The neuronal effects are replicated with a computational network model to explore the underlying mechanisms, and then coupled to a validated current-flow model of the human head.ResultsAmplitude-modulated electric fields are stronger in deep brain regions, while unmodulated electric fields are maximal at the cortical regions. Both experiment and model confirmed the hypothesis that spatial selectivity of temporal interference stimulation depends on the phasic modulation of neural oscillations only in deep brain regions. Adaptation mechanism (e.g. GABA_b) enhanced sensitivity to amplitude modulated waveform in contrast to unmodulated kHz and produced selectivity in modulating gamma oscillation (i.e. Higher gamma modulation in amplitude modulated vs unmodulated kHz stimulation). Selection of carrier frequency strongly affected sensitivity to amplitude modulation stimulation. Amplitude modulated stimulation with 100 Hz carrier frequency required ∼5 V/m (corresponding to ∼13 mA at the scalp surface), whereas, 1 kHz carrier frequency ∼60 V/m (∼160 mA) and 2 kHz carrier frequency ∼80 V/m (∼220 mA) to significantly modulate gamma oscillation. Sensitivity is increased (scalp current required decreased) for theoretical neuronal membranes with faster time constants.ConclusionThe TI sensitivity (current required at the scalp) depends on the neuronal membrane time-constant (e.g. axons) approaching the kHz carrier frequency. TI selectivity is governed by network adaption (e.g. GABA_b) that is faster than the amplitude-modulation frequency. Thus, we show neuronal and network oscillations time-constants determine the scalp current required and the selectivity achievable with TI in humans.     

Mechanical ventilation in the newborn; a simplified approach Part 2: High‐frequency ventilation

High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is becoming an increasingly popular intervention in the neonatal intensive care unit. This article will attempt to explain the principles of HFOV. It is inherently more difficult to become skilled in this technique than in other forms of mechanical ventilation, so caution is warranted.     

分步醇沉对玛咖多糖单糖组成及抗氧化活性的影响

目的:分析分步醇沉所得玛咖多糖的单糖组成,并对各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力进行研究。方法:采用水提醇沉法得到玛咖粗多糖,通过分步醇沉对玛咖粗多糖进行分离、纯化;采用气相色谱分析法对各玛咖多糖的单糖组成进行分析;最后采用三氯乙酸法和清除DPPH自由基的方法考察各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力。结果:分步醇沉随乙醇浓度增加依次得到0~40%乙醇多糖部分,40%~50%乙醇多糖部分,50%~60%乙醇多糖部分,60%~70%乙醇多糖部分及70%~80%乙醇多糖部分,依次命名为MP1,MP2,MP3,MP4和MP5;其中收率最大的为MP1,纯度最高的为MP4,分别为0.856%和68.5%;经气相色谱技术分析发现不同体积分数乙醇所得玛咖多糖的单糖组成种类及比例不同;抗氧化能力试验结果表明各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力存在显著性差异,其中抗氧化能力最强的为MP5,MP4抗氧化能力次之,抗氧化能力最弱的为MP1。结论:分步醇沉所得各部分玛咖多糖的抗氧化能力有较大差异,玛咖多糖的抗氧化活性与其单糖组成的种类、比例及其空间构象密切相关,分步醇沉对分离纯化玛咖多糖具有重要意义,为玛咖多糖进一步分离纯化、结构组成和药理研究提供可靠的参考依据。     

Current oscillatory phenomena based on electrogenerated superoxide ion at the HMDE in dimethylsulfoxide

A study on the current oscillation based on the electrogenerated superoxide ion $({\mathrm{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-})$ at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) in dimethylsulfoxide solution containing tetra-n-alkylammonium perchlorate as the electrolyte was carried out. Cyclic voltammetric, potential step chronoamperometric, normal and reverse pulse voltammetric techniques were employed in this study. A bare glassy carbon electrode, a liquid hemispherical mercury (Hg) drop-coated gold (Au) electrode and a Hg film-coated Au electrode were also used as working electrodes to understand the mechanism of the current oscillation. The experimental conditions were optimized for a simple, regular and reproducible current oscillation. The specific adsorption phenomenon of iodide ion and the adsorption of the alkyl chain of the supporting electrolyte on the HMDE surface were also considered to clarify the experimental factors governing the current oscillation phenomenon. It has been concluded that the oscillation is mainly due to the promoted oxidation (dissolution) of the HMDE itself by the adsorption of ${\mathrm{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}$, resulting in the formation–destruction of a passive film such as ${\mathrm{Hg}}_2({\mathrm{O}}_2^{\text{<mglyph src="https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"></mglyph>}-}{)}_2$ on the electrode surface. A probable mechanism for the observed current oscillation is discussed.     

超声波-化学沉淀法制备牙科纳米氧化铝陶瓷粉体

目的:制备分散性好,粒度均匀的纳米α-A l2O3粉体。方法:应用超声波-化学沉淀法,制备氢氧化铝前驱体,经900℃、1 000℃、1 100℃、1 200℃煅烧后测试粉体性能。结果:1 200℃煅烧得到的A l2O3粉体为α-A l2O3,其晶粒平均粒径为D202=31.44 nm。结论:以乙醇为反应溶剂,在低频超声波作用下可制备出分散性好、粒度均匀的纳米级α-A l2O3粉体。     

热毒宁注射液青蒿金银花浓缩过程近红外快速定量检测方法的建立

目的建立热毒宁注射液青蒿金银花醇沉浓缩过程主要药效成分的定量校正模型,实现生产过程在线监控。方法采用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)结合偏最小二乘法(PLSR)分别建立新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸的定量校正模型。结果新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸定量校正模型的决定系数(R~2)分别为0.954 5、0.975 2、0.9691;校正集误差均方根(RMSEC)为0.213、0.676、0.225,交叉验证集误差均方根(RMSECV)分别为0.233、0.692、0.258。采用所建模型进行在线分析,新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸的预测值与实测值的决定系数分别为0.984 2、0.983 7、0.9870,预测相对误差(RPD)分别为4.77、5.29、4.37,预测相对偏差(RSEP)分别为3.519%、3.778%、3.895%。结论所建的模型可以用于热毒宁注射液青蒿金银花醇沉浓缩过程中新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸的在线定量测定。     

50Hz电磁场促进骨髓源神经祖细胞向神经元分化作用的研究

目的:通过分析50Hz电磁场干预骨髓源神经祖细胞向神经细胞分化前后相关神经细胞标志物m RNA表达水平,探讨低频电磁场对骨髓源神经祖细胞诱导分化的作用。方法:利用全骨髓培养法获取骨髓间充质干细胞,将第2代骨髓间充质干细胞在无血清神经干细胞培养环境中悬浮诱导,获取骨髓源神经祖细胞。将第3代骨髓源神经祖细胞分为2组贴壁培养:电磁场组与对照组。电磁场组干预方法为正弦波磁场、频率50Hz、强度5m T,60min/d,共15天,对照组置于无磁场干预的同等环境中。骨髓源神经祖细胞诱导后,采用免疫细胞荧光检测巢蛋白(Nestin)与微管蛋白抗体(Tuj-1)的表达变化;采用实时定量基因扩增荧光检测系统(Q-PCR)检测Nestin,唾液酸-神经细胞粘附分子(PSA-NCAM)和β-微管蛋白-Ⅲ(β-Ⅲtubulin),乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE),5-羟色胺(5-HT),γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)m RNA表达水平变化。结果:骨髓间充质干细胞在无血清神经干细胞培养环境中可形成骨髓源神经祖细胞,表达Nestin阳性产物;两组诱导后的神经元样细胞免疫细胞荧光检测Tuj-1均呈阳性表达,Q-PCR结果示Nestin,PSA-NCAM,β-Ⅲtubulin,ACHE,5-HT,GABA m RNA表达水平与诱导前比较显著下降(P0.01),电磁场组β-Ⅲtubulin m RNA表达水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:50Hz电磁场可以促进骨髓源神经祖细胞向神经元分化。     

AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE SHOULDER COMPLEX MUSCULATURE WHILE PERFORMING EXERCISES USING THE BODYBLADE? CLASSIC AND BODYBLADE? PRO

Background

In spite of the bodyblade (BB®) being used in clinical settings during shoulder and trunk rehabilitation and training for 24 years, there are only five known scientific papers that have described muscle recruitment patterns using the BB®. Moreover, there are no known studies that have examined muscle activity differences between males and females (who both use the bodyblade in the clinic) or between different BB® devices.

Hypothesis/Purpose

The primary purposes of this investigation were to compare glenohumeral and scapular muscle activity between the Bodyblade® Pro (BB®P) and Bodyblade® Classic (BB®C) devices while performing a variety of exercises, as well as to compare muscle activity between males and females. It was hypothesized that glenohumeral and scapular muscle activity would be significantly greater in females compared to males, significantly greater while performing exercises with the BB®P compared to the BB®C, significantly different among various BB® exercises, and greater with two hand use compared to one hand use for the same exercise.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design.

Methods

Twenty young adults, 10 males and 10 females, performed seven BB® exercises using the BB®C and BB®P, which are: 1) BB®1 - one hand, up and down motion, arm at side; 2) BB®2 - one hand, front to back motion, shoulder flexed 90 °; 3) BB®3 - one hand, up and down motion, shoulder abducted 90 °; 4) BB®4 - one hand, side to side motion, shoulder and elbow flexed 45 °; 5) BB®5 - two hands, side to side motion, shoulders and elbows flexed 45 °; 6) BB®6 - two hands, up and down motion, shoulders flexed 90 °; and 7) BB®7 - two hands, front to back motion, shoulders flexed 90 °. EMG data were collected from anterior and posterior deltoids, sternal pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, upper and lower trapezius, and serratus anterior during 10 sec of continuous motion for each exercise, and then normalized using maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). A two-factor repeated measures Analysis of Variance (p < 0.05) was employed to assess differences in EMG activity between BB® devices (BB®C and BB®P) and genders.

Results

As hypothesized, for numerous exercises and muscles glenohumeral and scapular EMG activity was significantly greater in females compared to males and was significantly greater in the BB®P compared to BB®C. There were generally no significant interactions between BB® devices and gender. Overall glenohumeral and scapular muscle activity was significantly greater in BB®3 and BB®6 compared to the remaining exercises, but generally not significantly different between using one hand and using two hands.

Conclusions

It may be appropriate to employ BB® exercises during shoulder rehabilitation earlier for males compared to females and earlier for the BB®C compared to the BB®P given less overall muscle activation in males and BB®C compared to in females and BB®P. There was generally no difference in muscle activity between performing the BB® with one-hand or two-hands. Differences in muscle activity between exercises generally was the similar regardless if the BB®C or the BB®P was employed.

Level of Evidence

Level 2